Kurdish (Kurmanji)

Kurdish (Kurmanji) is the most widely spoken variety of Kurdish, used by approximately 20 million people across Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Kurdish diaspora worldwide. Kurmanji is the predominant Kurdish variety in Turkey and Syria, and is also spoken in northern Iraq and parts of Iran. It is sometimes called Northern Kurdish to distinguish it from Sorani (Central Kurdish) and other Kurdish varieties.

In Australia, the Kurdish community numbers approximately 8,000 Kurmanji speakers according to the 2021 Census, though the total Kurdish-speaking population including Sorani speakers is larger. Kurdish migration to Australia has occurred through humanitarian and family reunion pathways, with significant arrivals from Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran. Communities are concentrated in Melbourne's northern and western suburbs, Sydney, and Brisbane.

Kurmanji uses the Latin alphabet (Hawar alphabet), developed in the 1930s by Kurdish intellectual Celadet Alî Bedirxan. This distinguishes it from Sorani Kurdish, which uses a modified Arabic script. The Hawar alphabet includes several special characters not found in standard Latin, including Ç, Ê, Î, Ş, and Û. Despite using the same language family, Kurmanji and Sorani are not fully mutually intelligible — comparable to the difference between Dutch and German.

Kurdish languages have faced suppression in several countries, particularly Turkey, where Kurdish was banned from public use for decades. This history of linguistic suppression means that formal written Kurmanji is less standardised than many national languages, and literacy rates in Kurdish vary significantly among speakers, many of whom received their education in Turkish, Arabic, or Persian rather than Kurdish.

For Australian service providers, Kurmanji is critical for reaching Kurdish communities from Turkey and Syria. The language is relevant across settlement services, mental health support, legal services (particularly immigration and asylum), and healthcare. Many Kurdish-Australians have experienced conflict, displacement, and persecution, making culturally sensitive communication essential.